Financial Services Capital Markets & Investment Management Venture Capital

Seed Investing

High-stakes financial decisions requiring trust, structured diligence, and coordinated stakeholders.

Y Combinator Techstars First Round Capital Founders Fund
Inside this journey
  1. Founder Discovery

    Align on the founder’s vision, traction, constraints, ownership targets, hiring needs, and success signals for the round.

    Discovery Questions

    Tell Me the Story That Gets You Out of Bed

    • In one or two sentences, what problem are you obsessed with solving and for whom?
    • Company name, current stage, and your one-line mission?
    • Who are the founders, what are their primary roles today, and how much time is each founder committing?
    • Which vertical best describes your company? Options: Enterprise software, Fintech, Healthtech, Frontier tech (AI/ML, robotics, etc.), Other
    • Which description best matches your product stage right now? Options: Idea / concept, Prototype / alpha, Private beta with design partners, Public beta / pilot customers, Early revenue

    If Everything Goes Wrong, What Happens First?

    • What's the single biggest threat to making meaningful progress in the next 12 months?
    • Which of these constraints are actively limiting progress today? (select all that apply) Options: Access to customers / pilots, Hiring the right talent, Insufficient capital, Technical or product blockers, Regulatory or compliance issues, Go-to-market / sales motion, Other
    • How long have you been held back by the top constraint you selected? Options: Weeks, 1–3 months, 3–6 months, 6–12 months, Over a year
    • Describe a recent day or week where that constraint materially affected decisions or progress—what happened and how did it feel?
    • Who on the team feels this pressure most, and what would change immediately if that pressure eased?

    Who Must Be Convinced (Beyond You)?

    • Name the three people or groups whose support is make-or-break for closing this round and explain why each matters.
    • What founder ownership percentage are you targeting after this round? Options: >50%, 40–50%, 30–40%, 20–30%, <20%
    • What is the minimum founder ownership you would accept and why?
    • Do any current investors, advisors, or stakeholders have special rights, preferences, or expectations we should plan around? Options: Yes, No
    • If yes to the previous question, please describe those rights, expectations, or potential veto points.

    What Would Having a Partner Actually Look Like?

    • If an investor materially accelerated your path to product-market fit, what exact actions would that investor take in the next 12–18 months?
    • Which tangible supports would move the needle for you right now? (select all that apply) Options: Help recruiting first hires, Intro to pilot customers / sales channels, Hands-on product/UX support, Go-to-market strategy and GTM hires, Warm intros to Series A leads and pitch coaching, Back-office setup (incorporation, cap table, finance), Technical architecture / code reviews, Regulatory or clinical support, Other
    • Which of those supports have you tried to get previously and what was the outcome?
    • How much ongoing partner involvement feels right to you—weekly, monthly, or ad hoc—and what does 'involvement' look like in practice? Options: Weekly, Biweekly, Monthly, Quarterly, On-demand / as-needed
    • Which governance structure would you be comfortable with from an investor (board seat, observer, or informal advisor)? Options: Board seat, Board observer, Formal advisor agreement, No formal board role

    Show Me Traction as a Story, Not a Number

    • Tell the story of the most meaningful traction moment you've had—what happened, who was involved, and why it mattered?
    • Which early signal(s) best represent traction today? (select all that apply) Options: Engaged design partners, Paid pilots or pilot commitments, Consistent active users, Recurring revenue, Customer LOIs / MOUs, Clinical validation / approvals, Other
    • List 3–5 metrics you track (current value and near-term target) and why each metric matters to growth or fundability.
    • How reproducible were your wins—what parts were repeatable processes versus one-off circumstances? Options: Mostly repeatable, Mix of repeatable and one-off, Mostly one-off / opportunistic
    • What’s the fastest, most plausible path you see to meaningfully increase traction in the next 6 months?

    Hiring the Team That Actually Builds Your Company

    • If you could hire one person today who would change everything, who would it be and why?
    • Which hires are planned in the next 12 months and which are immediate priorities? (select all that apply) Options: Head of Product / First PM, Engineering lead / Senior SWE, Full-stack engineers, Sales / BD lead, Customer success / account rep, Ops / finance / head of people, Clinical / regulatory specialist, Other
    • What is the target timeline and total budget for these hires (months and approximate salary ranges)?
    • Which hiring channels have worked for you and which have consistently underperformed? Options: Founders' personal network, Referrals, Recruiting firm, Investor talent network, University partnerships / interns, Job boards, Other
    • What cultural traits or mission-aligned qualities are non-negotiable for your earliest hires?

    How Will We Know This Round Worked?

    • Fast-forward 12 months: what three concrete outcomes would make you say this round was a clear success?
    • Which milestones do you want capital to fund? (select all that apply) Options: Hire key roles, Achieve PMF signals / retention metrics, Launch paid pilots and generate revenue, Hit ARR or MRR milestones, Regulatory / clinical milestones, Build core platform / IP, Expand to new market
    • What specific metrics or guardrails should we use to evaluate progress and consider follow-on capital?
    • What timeline do you expect for raising Series A and what metrics would attract a Series A lead? Options: 9–12 months, 12–18 months, 18–24 months, More than 24 months, Unsure
    • Describe what failure would look like after this round—what outcomes would force a major pivot or winding down?

    Practical Constraints: Money, Time, and Paperwork

    • What's the minimum amount of capital you need to hit the next set of milestones, and why is that the floor?
    • Which financing instrument do you prefer for this raise? Options: Priced round (equity), SAFE, Convertible note, KISS, No preference / open
    • What's your ideal close timeline and are there any immovable deadlines (e.g., grant expiration, pilot start, payroll)? Options: Immediately / within 2 weeks, 2–4 weeks, 1–2 months, 3+ months, Unsure
    • Are there legal, regulatory, IP, or contractual issues that require special diligence? Options: Yes, No
    • If yes, please describe those constraints and current mitigation efforts.
    • What are the three biggest unknowns you expect us to investigate during diligence?

    Final Honest Questions — Let’s Clear the Air

    • What do you fear most about taking institutional capital at this stage?
    • How comfortable are you with dilution and the trade-offs between capital and control? Options: Very comfortable, Somewhat comfortable, Cautious, Not comfortable
    • Have you previously turned down investors or offers? If so, why did you decline?
    • What is your single, most important ask of any lead investor beyond capital?
    • Which communication style from an investor would help you most during hard moments? Options: Hands-on operator support, Strategic sounding board, Warm intros and network access, Low-intervention / trusted advisor, Other
  2. Solution Experience

    Map how the fund’s capital and hands‑on support accelerate product‑market fit, first hires, and Series A readiness using the founder’s real scenarios.

    Experience Meetings

    • Scenario Alignment — Current State & Consequence
    • Solution Mapping Workshop — Proof of Acceleration
    • Hiring & Org Plan — First 5 Hires Workshop
    • Early Customer Pipeline & Pricing Experiments
    • Series A Readiness Roadmap — Backcast & Commit
    • Founder to prepare one-pager pilot briefs for each target customer and share contact priorities.
    • Obtain explicit founder validation on which interventions to pilot first.
    • Fund to deliver a 30–60 day pilot plan showing expected metric changes and resource needs.
    • Founder to rank interventions by impact and feasibility and return rankings within 48 hours.
    • Assign owners for each pilot intervention and schedule execution kickoff meetings.
    • One-Sentence Org Current State
    • Agree a prioritized, sequenced plan for the first five hires tied to specific milestones.
    • Define role specs, compensation bands, and sourcing channels for each priority hire.
    • Document explicit partner recruiting commitments and SLAs.
    • Draft job descriptions for the first three hires and circulate for feedback.
    • Fund to provide initial candidate introductions for the first hire within agreed SLA.
    • Founder to set up an interview loop and hiring decision timeline for each role.
    • One-Sentence GTM Current State
    • Create 1–2 concrete pilot designs with success metrics and pricing experiments.
    • Assign intro owners and a timeline for the first wave of partner-facilitated customer meetings.
    • Define clear validation criteria that map pilot results to funding/milestone decisions.
    • Introductions & Meeting Goals
    • Fund to prepare an intro outreach template and schedule the first 3 intros.
    • Set measurement cadence and dashboard fields to track pilot KPIs weekly.
    • Recap Validated Future-State Outcomes
    • Produce a timebound roadmap of milestones that lead to a clear, sector-specific Series A readiness definition.
    • Agree governance and ownership targets, and document instrument implications for founder dilution.
    • Establish a cadence of checkpoints and responsible owners to monitor progress and validate assumptions.
    • Fund to deliver a Series A readiness one-pager including dilution scenarios and governance recommendations.
    • Founder to confirm acceptance of the roadmap and provide any remaining missing inputs to finalize milestones.
    • Set recurring monthly milestone review meetings and assign owners for each milestone area (hiring, GTM, product, finance).
    • Produce a single, one-sentence current-state statement for each scenario.
    • Quantify the primary consequence(s) of the problem in operational terms (time, cost, risk).
    • Agree the exact metrics and evidence the fund needs to model impact in the next meeting.
    • Founder to provide requested metrics, logs, or customer notes identified in the meeting.
    • Fund team to prepare a one-page scenario summary (current state + quantified consequences) for the workshop.
    • Schedule Solution Mapping Workshop and send pre-read with the refined one-sentence current state.
    • Recap of One-Sentence Current State & Consequence
    • Produce a concise future-state sentence for each scenario that ties to measurable outcomes.
    • Map 3–5 concrete interventions (capital uses + partner actions) to expected metric improvements with timelines.
    • Cost of Getting Hiring Wrong (Consequence)
    • Define Future-State Outcomes (one sentence each)
    • Define Series A Criteria (sector-specific)
    • Consequences of Slow Early GTM
    • Founder Scenario Readback (Current State)
    • Define Future Org State & Role Sequence
    • Backcast Milestones & Timeline
    • Define Future-State Customer Outcomes
    • Surface Consequences
    • Intervention Map: Capital + Partner Support
    • Proof: Modeled Impact & Portfolio Analogues
    • Governance, Dilution & Instrument Mapping
    • Stakeholder & Impact Mapping
    • Pilot Design & Pricing Experiments
    • Tactical Role Specs & Sourcing Channels
    • Validation Rounds with Founder
    • Partner Commitments & Recruitment SLAs
    • Partner Intro Plan & Owner Assignments
    • Proof & Sensitivity Check
    • Agree Metrics & Evidence Needed
    • Decision & Next Steps
    • Validation & Go/No-Go Criteria
    • Validate Hiring Priorities
    • Next Steps & Homework
    • Commitments & Monthly Checkpoint Plan
  3. Investment Scope

    Define proposed check size, instrument type, use of proceeds, milestones, governance (board/observer), and expected partner support.

    Scope Configuration

    • Issue Term Sheet and Close Seed Investment
    • Provide Board Representation (seat or observer)
    • Deliver 3‑Year Financial Model and Unit Economics
    • Create Equity Plan and Option Grant Documents
    • Source 3–5 Vetted First‑Hire Candidates
    • Deliver Offer Letters and Compensation Packages
    • Make Warm Introductions to 10 Early Customers
    • Make Warm Introductions to 5 Series A Investors
    • Produce Investor‑Ready Pitch Deck
    • Conduct Mock Investor Pitch Rehearsal with Recording
    • File Incorporation Documents and Entity Setup
    • Deploy Accounting Stack and Chart of Accounts
    • Set Up Banking and Payment Processing Accounts

    Scope Questions

    Issue Term Sheet and Close Seed Investment

    • What is your target check size from the fund for this round? Options: $500k - $1M, $1M - $1.5M, $1.5M - $2M, $2M - $3M, Undecided / Discuss
    • Which instrument do you prefer for closing? Options: Priced equity (preferred stock), SAFE (cap + discount), Convertible note, Undecided / Need recommendation
    • What ownership target or post-money valuation range are you aiming for? Options: Target ownership >20%, Target ownership 10-20%, Target ownership <10%, Valuation guidance available (specify below)
    • What is your preferred closing timeline? Options: 2 weeks, 3-4 weeks, 1-2 months, 2+ months
    • Are there material non-standard terms you require (e.g., pro rata allocation, ratchets, liquidation preferences)? Please list.
    • Do you have external legal counsel who will review the term sheet and close documents? Options: Yes, retained counsel, No, need introductions/representation, Partial (in-house counsel only)

    Provide Board Representation (seat or observer)

    • Do you expect the fund to take a board seat, an observer role, or no formal governance role? Options: Board seat, Board observer, No governance role desired, Open to discussion
    • What board size and composition are you targeting post-close? Options: 1 founder + 1 investor, 1 founder + 2 investors, 2 founders + 1 investor, Other (describe)
    • Are there specific governance rights or veto items you expect (e.g., hiring/firing CEO, >$X spend, additional fundraising approval)? Options: Yes, will specify, No special veto rights requested, Open to standard protective provisions
    • How often do you expect board meetings and what reporting cadence do you prefer? Options: Monthly, Quarterly, Bi-annually, Ad hoc / as needed
    • Do you want the fund to help prepare board materials and meeting agendas? Options: Yes, full support, Yes, occasional support, No, we will prepare materials
    • If relevant, describe any prior board experience or expectations for the investor director/observer (e.g., domain expertise, fundraising support).

    Deliver 3‑Year Financial Model and Unit Economics

    • Do you have an existing financial model we should build from or revise? Options: No model exists, Yes, a basic model (spreadsheet), Yes, a detailed model (driver-based)
    • What time granularity do you need (monthly first 18 months, then quarterly)? Options: Monthly for 36 months, Monthly for 18 months then quarterly, Quarterly only, Other
    • Which revenue and cost drivers should the model reflect (select all that apply)? Options: SaaS (MRR/ARR), One-time services, Transaction fees, Marketplace take rate, Hardware sales, Other
    • Which unit economics metrics must be included (required fields)? Options: CAC, LTV, Payback period, Gross margin, Contribution margin, ARPU
    • What are your current burn rate and runway (in months)? Options: Pre-revenue / burn not established, Burn < $25k/month, Burn $25k - $100k/month, Burn > $100k/month
    • List any assumptions or scenarios you want modeled (e.g., conservative, base, aggressive), including fundraising events.

    Create Equity Plan and Option Grant Documents

    • Do you currently have a cap table and equity plan in place? Options: No cap table yet, Cap table exists (simple), Cap table exists (complex), Need cap table review
    • What size of option pool are you targeting pre- or post-money? Options: 0-5%, 6-10%, 11-15%, 16%+
    • Which vesting schedule and terms do you prefer for options? Options: 4 years with 1-year cliff (standard), 3 years with 1-year cliff, Custom vesting (specify)
    • Do you need formal option grant documents, exercise paperwork, and grant letter templates prepared? Options: Yes, full documentation, Yes, templates only, No, we have templates
    • Are there advisors or consultants who need advisory shares or special agreements? Options: Yes - list below, No
    • Provide any special equity terms required (founder vesting resets, reverse vesting, anti-dilution protections, etc.).

    Source 3–5 Vetted First‑Hire Candidates

    • Which roles do you want the fund to source candidates for (select up to 5)? Options: CTO/Head of Engineering, VP Product/Head of Product, Head of Sales/BD, Head of Ops/Finance, Senior Engineer/IC, Growth/Marketing Lead, Other (specify)
    • What seniority and compensation bands do you expect for these hires? Options: Senior IC (IC4+) - <$150k, Manager/Director - $150k-$250k, VP-level - $200k-$350k, Executive >$350k, Flexible / discuss
    • What is your preferred hiring timeline for each role? Options: 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120+ days
    • Are hires location-specific (city/state) or open to remote / distributed candidates? Options: Local / onsite preferred, Remote-first, Hybrid, Flexible
    • Do you want the fund to run the recruiting process end-to-end (sourcing, screening, first interviews)? Options: Yes, end-to-end, Yes, sourcing + screening only, No, pipeline introductions only
    • List any non-negotiable skills, stack, or domain experience required for these candidates.

    Deliver Offer Letters and Compensation Packages

    • Do you need the fund to draft legally-reviewed offer letters and employment agreements? Options: Yes, full drafting, Yes, template customization, No, we have templates
    • What mix of cash vs equity do you intend to offer typical hires? Options: Cash-heavy (market comp), Balanced cash + equity, Equity-heavy (startup rates)
    • Which benefits and perks should be included in offers (select all that apply)? Options: Health insurance, 401(k) / pension, Relocation, Remote stipend, Paid time off, Other
    • Do you want compensation benchmarking vs relevant market comps (role, geography, stage)? Options: Yes, provide benchmarking, No, we have internal data
    • Are there equity tax considerations or jurisdictional issues we should address in the offer letters? Options: Yes (specify), No
    • Any special clauses required (IP assignment, non-compete, severance, change-of-control)? Please list.

    Make Warm Introductions to 10 Early Customers

    • Which customer profiles should introductions target (industry, company size, buyer persona)? Options: Enterprise (>$500M), Mid-market ($50M-$500M), SMB (<$50M), Consumer, Other
    • What geographic markets should introductions focus on? Options: North America, EMEA, APAC, Global / Multi-region, Other
    • Do you require NDAs before customer conversations? Options: Yes, NDAs required, No, okay to demo without NDA, Depends on the customer
    • What is your preferred introduction format? Options: Email intro with brief context, Warm intro + scheduled call, Intro + product demo arranged, Referral only
    • What are the primary outcomes you want from these intros (pilot, paid trial, feedback interview)? Options: Paid pilot, Pilot with discount, Feedback / discovery, Partnership exploration
    • Provide a short list of 3-5 target companies or ideal customer examples to prioritize.

    Make Warm Introductions to 5 Series A Investors

    • What is your target raise size for Series A and expected timing? Options: $5M - $10M (12-18 months), $10M - $20M (12-24 months), Undecided / depends on traction
    • What investor profiles do you prefer for Series A intros (geography, stage focus, sector expertise)? Options: US top-tier growth funds, Sector-specialist VCs, Global investors, Strategic/corporate VCs
    • Are you seeking lead commitments prior to introductions or exploratory interest only? Options: Seeking lead commitments, Exploratory intros only, Open to either
    • Which materials will you have ready for Series A intros (select all that apply)? Options: Pitch deck, 3-year model, Customer references, Traction metrics/data room
    • Do you want the fund to provide warm intros to specific partner contacts or general partner pools? Options: Specific partners (named), General partner-level intros, Associate-level screening intros
    • List any target Series A firms or partners you want prioritized for introductions.

    Produce Investor‑Ready Pitch Deck

    • Do you have an existing pitch deck to refine or do you need a deck created from scratch? Options: Existing deck (needs refinement), Existing deck (minor edits), Create from scratch
    • Which slides should be included or emphasized (select all that apply)? Options: Problem, Solution, Market size, Business model, Go-to-market, Traction, Team, Financials, Ask
    • What is your target deck length and audience (e.g., 10-slide intro for partners, 20-slide due-diligence version)? Options: 10-12 slides (intro), 15-20 slides (investor-ready), Short teaser (1-2 slides) + long deck
    • Do you want design and copy polish (visual refresh, messaging edits)? Options: Yes, full design and messaging, Yes, messaging only, No, content-ready
    • Are there specific metrics, customer stories, or data points you want highlighted?
    • Do you require multiple deck variants for different audiences (investor, customer, partner)? Options: Yes - investor/customer/partner variants, No - single deck

    Conduct Mock Investor Pitch Rehearsal with Recording

    • Who should participate in the mock pitch session? Options: Founder only, Founders + CEO/cofounder, Founders + lead hires (e.g., CTO), Full founding team
    • How long should the rehearsal session be (including Q&A and feedback)? Options: 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes
    • What feedback focus do you want (select all that apply)? Options: Story and flow, Slide design, Difficult Q&A practice, Deal economics and ask clarity
    • Do you want the session recorded and annotated with written feedback? Options: Yes, recording + annotated notes, Recording only, No recording
    • Would you like follow-up coaching sessions or a staged rehearsal plan leading to investor meetings? Options: Yes, staged rehearsals, One-off session, Depends on outcome
    • List any specific investor types or challenging questions you want simulated in the Q&A.
  4. Mutual Commit

    Negotiate and finalize economics, lead terms, diligence checklist, closing timeline, and mutual obligations for the round.

    Agreement Modules

    • Term Sheet
    • Security Purchase / Subscription Agreement
    • Convertible Instrument / SAFEs (if applicable)
    • Board & Governance Agreement
    • Diligence Checklist & Data Room Signoff
    • Statement of Work (SOW)
    • Use of Proceeds & Milestones Schedule
    • Closing Timeline & Conditions
    • Founder & Investor Mutual Obligations
    • Cap Table & Ownership Schedule
    • Legal Representations & Compliance Certificates
    • Escrow, Wire Instructions & Payment Authorization
    • Side Letter / Special Terms
    • Closing Deliverables Checklist
  5. Deal Deployment

    Execute closing, update the cap table, onboard the company, schedule recruiting and customer‑intro initiatives, and assign partner owners.

  6. Success

    Track agreed milestones, Series A readiness, portfolio partner activities, and maintain a shared channel for issues and improvements.

    Success Reviews

    • Milestone Checkpoint (Biweekly)
    • Series A Readiness Review (Monthly)
    • Portfolio Partner Coordination (Monthly)
    • Issues & Continuous Improvement Retrospective (Monthly)
    • Onboarding & Ops / Cap Table Check (Quarterly or As-Needed)

    Issues & Enhancements

    • Quick Status Round
    • Publish a 1-2 page hiring brief template for partners to use when sourcing candidates.
    • Rebalance partner assignments for any companies with acute runway or blockers.
    • Review Open Issues Board
    • Triage and reduce the issue backlog by closing or assigning all items.
    • Adopt at least one process improvement with a clear owner and acceptance criteria.
    • Update the shared channel and runbooks so changes are discoverable and actionable.
    • Establish simple metrics to measure whether the improvement solved the problem.
    • Create or update runbook entries for agreed process changes and publish in the shared channel.
    • Assign owners and SLAs for unresolved issues and record them in the tracker.
    • Communicate changes and expected behavior to founders and partners via the shared channel.
    • Set a validation check date to measure improvement impact against agreed metrics.
    • Cap Table Snapshot & Changes
    • Ensure the cap table and equity plan are accurate and documented.
    • Confirm financial model alignment and runway assumptions with planned milestones.
    • Close remaining operational onboarding tasks or assign clear owners and timelines.
    • Identify any compliance/legal risks and assign mitigation steps.
    • Submit and record any outstanding cap table changes and circulate an updated snapshot.
    • Issue required option grant paperwork and record approvals.
    • Update the shared financial model with agreed assumptions and distribute to partners.
    • Resolve outstanding compliance items or escalate to legal for immediate action.
    • Establish an accurate, shared status for each agreed milestone.
    • Surface and prioritize blockers with explicit consequences.
    • Assign clear owners and due dates for all next-step actions.
    • Capture any immediate partner or resource needs for escalation.
    • Update the milestone tracker with current status, evidence, and owners.
    • Escalate top blocker(s) to partner owner with required ask and timeline.
    • Create short task tickets for all two-week commitments and assign owners.
    • Prepare evidence or demo artifacts for any milestone nearing completion.
    • Current State Snapshot
    • Produce a clear, measurable Series A readiness checklist and target timeline.
    • Translate readiness gaps into prioritized, timebound milestones with owners.
    • Decide whether to initiate investor outreach or defer until criteria are met.
    • Identify immediate partner interventions (hiring, intros, GTM) required to accelerate readiness.
    • Create the Series A checklist with measurable KPIs and owners for each item.
    • Develop a concise investor one-pager tied to the readiness signals for outreach.
    • Assign partner-led tasks (e.g., hire lead, customer intro list) with deadlines.
    • Schedule a follow-up readiness checkpoint aligned to the next fundraising decision milestone.
    • Deliver a prioritized list of intro/hire plays for the next 30 days.
    • Capture and share repeatable partner playbooks to speed execution.
    • Partner Activity Report
    • Ensure partner effort is focused on the highest-impact portfolio needs.
    • Prevent overlap and burnout by clarifying partner bandwidth and reassigning where needed.
    • Update the partner commitment board with confirmed owner assignments and timelines.
    • Execute priority intros and record outcomes in the shared channel.
    • Root Cause Focus (Top 2 Issues)
    • High-Impact Request Triage
    • Readiness Gap Analysis & Consequences
    • Equity Plan & Option Grants
    • Top Blockers & Consequences
    • Financial Model & Runway Review
    • Bandwidth & Prioritization
    • Improvement Proposal & Decision
    • Validation of Completion Criteria
    • Define Future State Criteria
    • Operational Compliance Checklist
    • Resource/Partner Requests
    • Runbook / Communication Plan
    • Proof & Validation Plan
    • Partner-Led Playbook Sharing
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